The parasite develops through multiple larval stages within the mosquito, culminating in the host-infective third larval stage (L3), which enters the bite wound of a susceptible host during the mosquitos next blood-feeding. Address example. 2012;181:111. We trapped host-seeking mosquitoes in undeveloped areas and neighborhoods of different ages in Wake County, North Carolina, USA, analyzing captured mosquitoes for heartworm DNA. Although vector biodiversity is our primary interest, another potentially important contributor to dog heartworm disease risk is socioeconomic status. In addition, participants responded to a brief survey designed to provide insights on factors behind the data. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Figure 1. 2016;158:197200. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. c While the relationship between within-host heartworm prevalence and mosquito rarefied richness was not significant (F(1, 16)=4.342, P=0.054, R2=0.213), a similar positive trend was found. Weiss E, Slater M, Garrison L, Drain N, Dolan E, Scarlett J, et al. PubMed Int J Environ Res Public Health. McTier, T.L., Kryda, K., Wachowski, M. et al. Structure and organization of the mitochondrial genome of the canine heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis. 2009;54:469487. About. Annu Rev Entomol. We calculated the bias corrected maximum likelihood estimate (MLE) for point estimation of the infection rate of each heartworm-positive mosquito species using PooledInfRate add-in software for Excel [34]. 2022 Oct 23;15(1):388. doi: 10.1186/s13071-022-05526-x. To our knowledge, this study represents the first explicit investigation of the effects of urbanization-driven mosquito diversity changes on dog heartworm transmission within both the vector and the host. This model was significant, with prevalence positively correlated with diversity and negatively correlated with median household income (DogHWPrev=0.6454 ShanDiv1.035*105 Income2.524; F(2, 15)=6.725, P=0.008, R2=0.473). Changes in weather patterns. Canine hosts typically demonstrate microfilaremia 6 to 7 months after infection. Trivellone V, Cao Y, Blackshear M, Kim CH, Stone C. Front Public Health. 2013;29:4608. No apparent seasonal trends in D. immitis-positive status were noted within the mosquito trapping season (see Additional file 2: Figure S1). Zip codes where clinics have obtained at least one positive feline heartworm antigen result. Linthicum KJ, Britch SC, Anyamba A. PubMed Mosquito diversity and dog heartworm prevalence in suburban areas Author: Meredith R. Spence Beaulieu, Jennifer L. Federico, Michael H. Reiskind Source: Parasites & vectors 2020 v.13 no.1 pp. Despite high rates of urbanization and ample examples of vector-borne diseases transmitted by multiple species, the effects of urbanization-driven mosquito diversity losses on disease transmission has not been well explored. We investigated seasonality of D. immitis transmission within Wake County by plotting the overall percent positive pools across the sampling season. Pet relocation. 2, Spearmans =0.494, P=0.027). Each of these smaller natural sites had a radius of at least 100m of undeveloped land around the trap, which is an appropriate radius given previous findings on mosquito habitat fidelity [28]. As all sample sequences were identical based on a reference alignment, one sample sequence was used in the MegaBLAST algorithm from the NCBI Nucleotides BLAST suite, returning a positive match to a portion of D. immitis COI with 100% homology (GenBank: AJ537512.1) [33]. | Post Office Box 1352, Holly Springs, NC 27540 USA. J Wildl Dis. Urban and suburban areas throughout much of the USA are dominated by the peridomestic Aedes albopictus, which is a competent vector of D. immitis [20]. Scavo NA, Zecca IB, Sobotyk C, Saleh MN, Lane SK, Olson MF, Hamer SA, Verocai GG, Hamer GL. Article albopictus, Cx. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Stay current with the latest techniques and information sign up below to start your FREE Todays Veterinary Practice subscription today. This agrees with findings from a recent study that demonstrated a negative correlation between human population size and within-host heartworm prevalence [40]. C'EST POUR AUJOURD'HUI ET POUR DEMAIN. We created categories of neighborhood ages to ensure that neighborhoods of various ages were being sampled: developed before 1993, between 19932002, between 20032007, between 20082012 and from 2013 to present. While the relationship with rarefied richness was not significant (F(1, 16)=4.342, P=0.054, R2=0.213), there was a similar positive trend (Fig. United States Census Bureau. With regard to dog heartworm disease, this loss of mosquito diversity is associated with decreased heartworm prevalence within both the vector and the host. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error, Species-level heartworm prevalence by land-use type. The 2019 map (. Urbanization is occurring rapidly on a global scale and is altering mosquito communities, creating assemblages that are characteristically less diverse. The 2019 map (FIGURE 1) was unveiled in April 2020. Dogs at higher risk of contracting heartworm disease from mosquitoes in OC, officials say. Within-host heartworm prevalence increases with mosquito diversity measures. Google Scholar. Top Companion Anim Med. Silaghi C, Beck R, Capelli G, Montarsi F, Mathis A. Parasit Vectors. Despite these limitations, shelter data presents a large, readily available dataset that generally cuts across various human demographics, including income and education levels [45], and is the best data currently available with which to test our predictions. The 2019 AHS Heartworm Incidence map, as well as maps from 2001 to 2016, can be downloaded at heartwormsociety.org/veterinary-resources/incidence-maps. All 50 states have had confirmed cases of heartworm since the disease's discovery back in 1856. Qui, quoi, comment ? Terms and Conditions, quadrimaculatus) are known to be competent heartworm vectors [20]. Infection risk varies within urbanized landscapes: the case of coyotes and heartworm. Urban and suburban development is predicted to increase by greater than 100% over the next 50years in the southeastern USA [48], in line with global trends of increasing urbanization. Little E, Biehler D, Leisnham PT, Jordan R, Wilson S, LaDeau SL. PubMed Parasitology. Med Vet Entomol. Eight mosquito species had pools that tested positive for, Relationship between mosquito parity and within-mosquito heartworm prevalence. According to theAmerican Heartworm Society, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Texas and Tennessee are the top five worst states when it comes to heartworm diagnosis, in that order. 2011;26:17885. [1,2,3,4]). Dr. Burns diagnosed a new case of canine heartworm disease in ZIP code 85298right in our own backyardthis week. Geospat Health. Within-mosquito Dirofilaria immitis prevalence varied by land-use type (KruskalWallis 2=8.555, df=2, P=0.014). Online ahead of print. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. When investigating correlations of mosquito diversity metrics at the zip code level to within-host D. immitis prevalence, we detected significant positive relationships for evenness (F(1, 16)=4.881, P=0.042, R2=0.234) and ShannonWiener diversity (F(1, 16)=5.464, P=0.033, R2=0.255) (Fig. Accessed 1 Mar 2019. Overall, we trapped at a total of 9 wooded sites and 8 field sites throughout Wake County. Our results demonstrate that decreases in mosquito diversity due to urbanization alter vector-borne disease risk. Heartworm incidence in the continental U.S. and Hawaii based on the 2019 AHS Heartworm Incidence Survey. Rift Valley fever: an emerging mosquito-borne disease. It is not possible to definitively tell whether the dog acquired the heartworm infection within the zip code of its primary residence, nor is it possible to tell whether the positive heartworm test represents a new or chronic infection due to the long lifespan of the parasite within the host. Texas. We also found that the probability of an individual mosquito being positive for D. immitis differed between land-uses (LRT statistic =6.40, P=0.041). In addition to suburban sites, we sampled in three natural habitat sites: Schenck Memorial Forest at North Carolina State University (NC State), NC States Equine Educational Unit and NC States Lake Wheeler Beef Unit. Zip code 84604 is located in Provo, Utah. 5. 2022 Sep 7;13(9):814. doi: 10.3390/insects13090814. Species-level heartworm prevalence by land-use, Species-level heartworm prevalence by land-use type. 364 S 300 E PROVO UT 84606-4706. Parasit Vectors. Since the latter model is a more complex version of the prior nested model that has greater AIC support [38], the model including only mosquito ShannonWiener diversity and median household income is the best predictor of D. immitis prevalence within the canine host. Menu. Park AW, Cleveland CA, Dallas TA, Corn JL. Heartworm disease is a serious disease that results in severe lung disease, heart failure, other organ damage, and death in pets, mainly dogs, cats, and ferrets. de Valdez MRW. Each dot represents the center of a zip code containing at least one feline heartworm antigen positive. Given that anthropogenic land-use change alters the diversity and composition of mosquito assemblages and is occurring rapidly worldwide, greater understanding of the role of vector diversity in multi-vectored diseases is critical and will have global impacts. The impact of community organization on vector-borne pathogens. Preventives for Dogs We acquired median household income by zip code from the 20132017 American Community Survey using U.S. Census Bureaus American FactFinder tool [37] to investigate whether D. immitis prevalence within dogs and socioeconomic status is correlated. Socioeconomic status affects mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) larval habitat type availability and infestation level. Comparative Vector Efficiency of Two Prevalent Mosquito Species for Dog Heartworm in North Carolina. Testing data from thousands of veterinary practices and shelters is used to create a detailed map showing the average number of heartworm-positive cases per clinic. Within-mosquito heartworm prevalence throughout the trapping season. At least in the context of suburban areas, mosquito communities do not recover from these diversity losses after the initial land-use change; diversity decreases as neighborhoods age, resulting in the lowest diversity mosquito assemblages in the most established suburban areas [10]. While the directionality of its relationship with mosquito communities remains unclear, it is evident that socioeconomic status has the ability to alter susceptibility of hosts, vector exposure, and therefore disease risk. This study contributes to better understanding of the effects of urbanization and the role of vector diversity in multi-vectored pathosystems. We found that suburban areas generally had the lowest within-mosquito heartworm prevalence, and that mosquito diversity was positively correlated with heartworm prevalence within the canine host. The two variables were positively correlated (Spearmans =0.494, P=0.027). Acta Trop. By using this website, you agree to our If you are not sure of the full 9-digit ZIP Code, use the 5-digit ZIP Code to avoid loss of letter or package. - American Heartworm Society Can Your Zip Code Make Your Dog More Susceptible to Heartworm? These factors and more were cited in a recent survey of U.S. veterinarians as factors contributing to the rise and fall of heartworm incidence in their practice areas. The focus of studies on primary vectors rather than communities of vectors has led to a general gap in knowledge as to how vector diversity contributes to disease transmission in multi-vectored pathosystems, even though the limited empirical and modeling investigations that have occurred suggest vector diversity can increase transmission [5, 6]. 12 ISSN: 1756-3305 Med Vet Entomol. and transmitted securely. 2017;42:1849. We stored the extracted DNA at 20C until the time of further analysis. These results do not agree with the present studys findings of suburban areas having lower heartworm infection rates than at least the undeveloped field sites, and of Ae. Eight mosquito species showed evidence of D. immitis infection, with Aedes canadensis having the highest percentage positive pools at 7.7% and the highest MLE infection rate at 29.75 per 1000 individuals (95% CI: 1.79136), followed by Anopheles crucians and Psorophora columbiae both with approximately 2.9% positive pools and MLEs of 26.23/1000 (95% CI: 1.52119.72) and 11.85/1000 (95% CI: 3.8928.05), respectively (Table1, Fig. An important factor is that heartworm diagnosis requires one or more blood tests that must be conducted in a veterinary clinic and/or reference laboratory, which limits diagnoses to patients seen in clinics and animal shelters. Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA, Meredith R. Spence Beaulieu&Michael H. Reiskind, Animal Services Division, Department of Environmental Services, Wake County Animal Center, Raleigh, NC, USA, You can also search for this author in | Download Scientific Diagram Terms and conditions Visualization of heartworm prevalence by zip code in Wake County,. 2015;51:6649. Veterinary Public Health Program 313 N Figueroa St. Rm 1127 Los Angeles, CA 90012 Tel (213) 288-7060 Fax (213) 481-2375 vet@ph.lacounty.gov Comparison of the vector potential of different mosquito species for the transmission of heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis, in rural and urban areas in and surrounding Stillwater, Oklahoma, U.S.A. With suburban and urban development rapidly changing global landscapes and the variable nature of the response of vector-borne diseases to these land-use changes, our understanding of the connection between vector diversity and disease transmission will become increasingly pressing and warrants further investigation. Google Scholar. PeerJ. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. PloS ONE. If the local population is indeed refractory to D. immitis infection, that could drive the observed decreased heartworm prevalence in suburban areas, as over 40% of our trapped mosquitoes were Ae. All samples and controls were run in duplicates to ensure accuracy of results. Given the lower probability of D. immitis-positive mosquitoes noted in suburban areas, our focus on sampling mosquitoes predominantly in suburbia could have resulted in lower overall within-mosquito prevalence rates than what has been reported in other studies sampling in more rural landscapes (e.g. Article The earliest D. immitis-positive pool of mosquitoes was collected during the first week of June, which coincided with the beginning of our trapping season, and the latest D. immitis-positive pool of mosquitoes was collected during the third week of October. Statistical analyses We acquired data from the Wake County Animal Center on all dogs entering the shelter either as an owner surrender or as a captured stray between January 2010 and October 2015. Key factors influencing canine heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis, in the United States. albopictus populations in North Carolina are rare, but have suggested that it is likely not a suitable vector for D. immitis in North Carolina [42]. A significant positive correlation was noted between within-host heartworm prevalence and (. While we did not detect any differences in heartworm prevalence within mosquitoes based on neighborhood age, it could still be affecting prevalence within the host indirectly by decreasing mosquito diversity, as mosquito diversity metrics decrease as suburban neighborhoods age [10]. 2021 Sep 9;14(1):464. doi: 10.1186/s13071-021-04958-1. DGE-1746939. PubMed J Med Entomol. We found significant differences in within-mosquito D. immitis prevalence among land-use types (KruskalWallis test: 2=8.555, df=2, P=0.014). Annu Rev Entomol. principles of language teaching ppt; best hvac systems 2020 consumer reports However, with vector diversity being linked to both increased and decreased disease transmission depending on the pathosystem, D. immitis risk as a function of urbanization-induced vector diversity changes is difficult to predict. pipiens and An. The Invasive Mosquitoes of Canada: An Entomological, Medical, and Veterinary Review. Eight mosquito species had pools that tested, Relationship between mosquito parity and, Relationship between mosquito parity and within-mosquito heartworm prevalence. [10]. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Among models including all combinations of our tested variables (presence or absence of heartworm-positive mosquito pools, proportion heartworm-positive mosquito pools, rarefied richness, evenness, ShannonWiener diversity, mosquito abundance and median household income), selection revealed that the top model set (all models with AIC<2) included two models: (i) mosquito ShannonWiener diversity and median household income (AIC=23.95, residual df=15, AIC=0); and (ii) mosquito ShannonWiener diversity, mosquito rarefied richness and median household income (AIC=25.45, residual df=14, AIC=1.5). First Name Last Name. Suburban sites had significantly lower D. immitis prevalence than did undeveloped field sites (Z=2.925, P=0.010). Using zip code level data acquired from dogs in a local shelter, we performed linear regressions of within-host heartworm prevalence by within-mosquito heartworm prevalence as well as by three mosquito diversity measures. This approach sought to assess whether the heartworm status of mosquitoes was a reliable predictor of infection status within the host. Comparison of within-mosquito heartworm prevalence by land-use type. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Spatial association between malaria vector species richness and malaria in Colombia. Neighborhood age was not a significant factor, as KruskalWallis test was not significant when incorporating neighborhood age categories. Parasit Vectors. Epidemiology of canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection in domestic dogs in Ontario, Canada: geographic distribution, risk factors and effects of climate. 2022 Nov 3;15(1):407. doi: 10.1186/s13071-022-05514-1. 2016;61:395415. We compared within-mosquito heartworm infection across land-use types by Kruskal-Wallis and likelihood ratio tests. Gainsville: University Press of Florida; 2005. All Rights Reserved. Med Vet Entomol. Any dogs without heartworm test results or a designated zip code were removed from analysis. No state in the U.S. is heartworm-free, according to the AHS survey. https://www.heartwormsociety.org/veterinary-resources/incidence-maps. Given that the majority of zip codes had a within-mosquito heartworm prevalence of 0% due to our low number of positive pools, we also performed a Welchs t-test comparing the within-host heartworm prevalence by the presence or absence of heartworm-positive mosquito pools within a given zip code. To disentangle the effects of mosquito diversity and mosquito abundance, we also calculated the average abundance within a zip code per site per trap-night and performed a linear regression comparing log average mosquito abundance to within-host heartworm prevalence. Although the response is likely different for diseases transmitted by one or few species, mosquito diversity losses leading to decreased transmission could be generalizable to other pathogens with multiple vectors. McGill E, Berke O, Peregrine AS, Weese JS. Sequences were assembled using the Geneious 9.1.8 native de novo assembly algorithm and consensus sequences were generated for each sample. Bonizzoni M, Gasperi G, Chen X, James AA. However, since mosquitoes are responsible for transferring the parasite from dog to dog, some areas do pose a higher risk than others. As dog heartworm disease is vectored by an assemblage of mosquito species, changes in mosquito diversity will likely affect disease prevalence. Bockarie MJ, Pedersen EM, White GB, Michael E. Role of vector control in the global program to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. PubMed Google Scholar. Based on the results of a prior study of heartworm prevalence on an urban to rural gradient [21], we hypothesize that older neighborhoods with less diverse mosquito assemblages dominated by Ae. Among veterinarians who believe heartworm incidence increased, leading reasons cited were an increase in heartworm-positive pets coming from heartworm-endemic areas, poor compliance among pet owners, and weather trends that caused an increase in mosquitoes. While no host-level factors were explicitly investigated as drivers of dog heartworm prevalence in the present study, these factors are potentially important to dog heartworm disease dynamics and should be addressed in future studies. It is caused by a parasitic worm. 2010;3:117. As a committee and board member for the AHS, he has conducted every AHS Heartworm Incidence Survey since 2001. Wild host densities are not assessed in this study, but could play an important role in the heartworm transmission dynamics for domestic dogs, particularly if wild hosts that typically serve as primary D. immitis reservoirs are excluded from highly urbanized areas. After excluding males and nulliparous females as previously described, 8483 individuals in 2488 pools were tested for the presence of D. immitis DNA. We collected a total of 10,244 mosquitoes over the two years of sampling. Fully mature adults at 6.5 months after infection reach lengths of 15-18 cm (5-6 in) for males and 25-30 cm (10-12 in) for females. Burkett-Cadena ND. CAS We did not dissect mosquitoes collected in the 2016 trapping season, but rather immediately pooled all female mosquitoes by site, date collected and species, again with up to 19 individual mosquitoes per pool. albopictus as the areas primary vector [21]. Braks MA, Honrio NA, Loureno-De-Oliveira R, Juliano SA, Lounibos LP. Article 1989;5:37782. 5a, b). -, Fuller DO, Alimi T, Herrera S, Beier JC, Quiones ML. Trends Parasitol. Med Vet Entomol. Mosquito species distribution across urban, suburban, and semi-rural residences in San Antonio. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae): an experimental and natural host of Dirofilaria immitis (Filarioidea: Onchocercidae) in Florida, USA. The dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria in Africa, Europe and the Middle East: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic prcis. Of these, 832 tested positive for D. immitis, giving an average prevalence of 10.91% in domestic dogs in Wake County. To minimize the risk of sample contamination, qPCR was performed at a dedicated workstation that was separate from that utilized for DNA extraction. 4332 E MEARENTE S PROVO UT 84606-8099. Can Your Zip Code Make Your Dog More Susceptible to Heartworm? Within the landscape of North Carolina, this equates to less heartworm disease expected within the host in suburban areas as a function of urbanization-induced mosquito diversity losses.
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